📰 At ETHShanghai 2026, Vitalik detailed EIP-8288. The core idea isn’t to build yet another more complex on-chain verification system, but to keep a large number of signatures and proofs in the mempool for aggregation first—then write only a single aggregated proof into the block.
🔥 Now, a typical Ethereum transaction consumes about 21,000 gas, while verifying a single ECDSA signature alone requires around 4,000 gas. With quantum-safe signatures, costs could rise to 100,000–300,000 gas. For privacy protocols, ZK operations usually cost at least 350,000 gas, and in complex cases even up to 1,000,000 gas.
Even more extreme: if you pursue both quantum safety and privacy at the same time, STARK proofs can consume roughly 8 million gas. Based on the estimates in the talk, Ethereum’s throughput could drop from about 25 TPS to around 0.25 TPS—the stronger the security and privacy, the harder transactions become to run.
💡 EIP-8288’s approach is to have mempool nodes collect transactions along with their signatures and proofs, perform aggregation before the transactions enter the block. The chain no longer stores these huge original objects; in the end, it only verifies one STARK proof that covers the entire batch of transactions. Each dependency’s data takes up about 96 bytes, and some are even as small as 65 bytes.
This design builds on EIP-8141 native account abstraction. Transactions can clearly declare their signature schemes and verification algorithms. Vitalik likened it to a kind of “specialized sharding”: split out the heaviest verification work, handle it in parallel off-chain by nodes, while the consensus layer only needs to manage the data volume—kept to roughly 100–300 KB per block.
🤔 Of course, having a clear technical path doesn’t mean all problems will automatically disappear after deployment. The real key is whether the aggregation process can run reliably, and whether nodes are willing to take on this off-chain computation. Do you think EIP-8288 will first drive privacy applications, or quantum-safe wallets?
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