Crypto Pulse Media

In the world of decentralized finance ( DeFi)—and the broader crypto economy—reports of a stablecoin depeg often send shockwaves. To the untrained eye, watching a stablecoin lose its parity on an exchange looks indistinguishable from a full-scale collapse. Yet, according to Cain O’Sullivan, co-founder of Hyperdrive, these events are frequently misunderstood by both users and protocol designers.
The critical distinction lies in whether a price drop represents a liquidity imbalance on exchanges or a fundamental failure of the asset’s underlying reserves. During periods of high market stress, users often rush to swap one stablecoin for another. Because decentralized and centralized exchanges have finite liquidity, this sudden surge in sell pressure naturally drives the market price down.
As O’Sullivan points out, this was illustrated during the 2023 Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) crisis. While the stablecoin USDC traded as low as 90 cents on some exchanges due to panicked selling, the primary mint-and-redeem facility at Circle remained functional.
History repeated itself more recently on Oct. 10, 2025, during a massive $19 billion liquidation event initially triggered by escalating trade tensions. Ethena’s USDe briefly plunged to 65 cents on Binance. However, much like the USDC event, the protocol’s core design and 110% collateralization held firm. The depeg was largely a localized failure of Binance’s internal oracle and order book liquidity, while USDe continued to trade at near-parity on decentralized venues like Curve.
This is often not a true representation of the actual redemption value of the asset,” O’Sullivan notes. “Those fears were enough to make users want to exit… all whilst native minting and redeeming of USDC on Circle was still working as normal.”
This distinction between market price and redemption value is driving a fundamental shift in how lending protocols are built. Traditionally, “general-purpose” lending allowed users to borrow one asset against another by using a price oracle to define their relationship in U.S. dollar terms.
Still, O’Sullivan argues that this model is becoming outdated, particularly as users increasingly seek to “loop” correlated assets—depositing collateral to borrow more of that same or a similar asset to multiply yield.
General purpose lending protocols are inefficient for these cases because they are fundamentally limited by the amount of on-chain liquidity that exists for things like liquidations,” O’Sullivan explains.
The Hyperdrive co-founder believes the “new meta” involves protocols that move away from volatile market oracles. Instead, they are built to recognize the contractual redemption relationship between assets. By pricing based on the ability to redeem for the underlying collateral rather than the fluctuating price on a thin exchange, protocols can unlock liquidity that general-purpose markets simply cannot access.
For newer investors, stablecoin pools are often marketed as a “safe haven,” creating an illusion that peg stability equates to an elimination of risk. In reality, moving from holding a single asset to entering a liquidity pool swaps simple price exposure for a complex web of counterparty and smart-contract risk.
Even in a world of so-called stable assets, O’Sullivan warns that users must still account for impermanent loss (IL). While IL is less of a factor in deep, reliable pairs like USDT/USDC, it remains a significant threat in pools involving less established stablecoins with thin liquidity.
The yield comes from trading fees, and often the fees on the pool aren’t enough to generate meaningful returns,” O’Sullivan says. This creates a real opportunity cost: users may take on the technical risks of a pool for returns that fail to justify the exposure, especially if a minor depeg in a “thin” coin triggers an unexpected imbalance in their position.
The danger for DeFi protocols occurs when they rely solely on market-based price oracles. If a protocol sees a market price of $0.90 and reacts by triggering mass liquidations, it can create a “death spiral” even if the stablecoin is still fully backed 1:1 at the source.
O’Sullivan stresses that protocols must distinguish whether a depeg stems from fleeting market dynamics or a deeper issue with underlying redemption—and respond accordingly. Market-based pricing, he warns, often breeds fragility, as thin liquidity and momentary panic can make a temporary discount look like a permanent collapse.
A more resilient alternative lies in redemption-rate pricing, which anchors value to the asset’s actual backing and redemption capacity. This “redemption-based liquidity” design helps protocols withstand market noise, reducing the risk of unnecessary liquidations and offering a sturdier foundation for DeFi infrastructure.
For those new to the ecosystem, understanding these layers of risk is vital. A price dip on a chart isn’t always a signal of failure, but a “stable” pool isn’t always a risk-free vault. By building protocols that understand the contractual link between assets and the reality of liquidity depth, the next generation of DeFi can provide the stability and capital efficiency that general-purpose markets lacked.
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Asia reportedly drives nearly half of global stablecoin flows, powering cross-border trade and institutional liquidity. Yet in the major banks of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Jakarta, reception to stablecoins remains distinctly cold.
While some observers attribute this to a “generational gap” or a lack of technical understanding, Bernardo Bilotta, CEO and co-founder of Stables, argues that the reality is far more calculated. According to Bilotta, the reluctance of Asian banks to embrace stablecoins is not a failure of imagination but a masterclass in institutional self-preservation.
For a commercial bank, the most critical asset on the balance sheet is not cash or property; it is the relationship with the central bank. In many Southeast Asian markets, the regulatory environment for digital assets remains a moving target.
Taking on stablecoin exposure, even just for processing, means taking on reputational risk with the regulator before the rules are fully settled,” Bilotta said. In an environment where guidance can tighten significantly from one quarter to the next with little warning, the risk of a regulatory pivot makes long-term infrastructure investment a gamble most banks are unwilling to take.
Beyond local regulators, Asian banks must answer to a global hierarchy. To facilitate international trade, these institutions rely on correspondent banking relationships with partners in New York and London.
Bilotta points out a harsh reality of the current global financial plumbing: Compliance teams in Western financial hubs are notoriously risk-averse. If a bank in Jakarta or Bangkok begins dabbling in stablecoins, it risks being flagged by its Western partners. The threat of having a correspondent relationship terminated—effectively cutting a bank off from the U.S. dollar or euro markets—is a survival logic that far outweighs the potential profits of stablecoin integration.
Even for banks willing to look past the risk, a new hurdle has emerged: regulatory fragmentation. Across Asia, jurisdictions are taking vastly different paths. Singapore, for instance, has embedded stablecoin rules into its existing Payment Services Act, while Hong Kong recently enacted a standalone Stablecoins Ordinance.
Critics argue these silos hamper growth, as a token compliant in one city may face hurdles just an hour’s flight away. However, Bilotta views this not as a roadblock but as a necessary phase of convergence.
Framing it as purely a problem misses what’s actually happening,” Bilotta said. “Singapore and Hong Kong have different approaches to the same goal: treating stablecoins as regulated payment instruments. The underlying principles—reserve backing, redemption rights, and AML compliance—are converging.”
The status quo in Asia is currently a tense standoff. On one side is the undeniable gravity of transaction volume; on the other are the rigid requirements of legacy compliance.
Until the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of action, the status quo holds,” Bilotta said. The cautious stance of Asian banks isn’t irrational—it is a defensive crouch. However, as the infrastructure layer becomes more robust and local-currency tokens begin to solve the “last-mile” problem, the pressure on these institutions will only grow. The question for Asia’s banking sector is no longer whether they understand the technology but how much longer they can afford to prioritize survival over evolution.
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Colin Goltra is the Chief Executive Officer of Morph, a blockchain platform building universal infrastructure for borderless payments and financial services. He recently joined the Bitcoin.com News Podcast to talk about the market:
In this episode Colin identifies the passing year as the critical “ stablecoin moment,” driven by a perfect storm of regulatory clarity (like the Genius Act and MiCA) and technological advancements on smart-contracting ecosystems that have finally solved the performance and scalability issues that plagued earlier attempts with Bitcoin. Morph’s mission has pivoted to stablecoin-based global payment settlement, adopting a “ruthlessly pragmatic” strategy to prepare for a market that could be dominated by either one or two fiat-backed stablecoins (USD-linked like USDC and USDT) or by a rise in relevant regional stablecoins.
He highlights the profound impact of stablecoins in emerging economies, where access to the dollar provides a crucial hedge against high local fiat inflation, citing the Philippine Peso as a prime example. Looking at the current landscape, Colin pinpoints four key active verticals in crypto: institutional stablecoin-based payments, the significant growth of Real-World Assets ( RWAs), prediction markets for valuable information, and the emerging space of Agentic AI, which will require crypto layers for payment and transacting.
The long-term vision for crypto, according to Colin, anticipates a transition from a purely “cryptonative” era to a more institutional and pragmatic phase over the next decade. He predicts that for the average person, the underlying blockchain infrastructure will “melt away at the UX level,” becoming an invisible rail for better, faster payment solutions. A major challenge remains a knowledge gap for small and mid-sized businesses. To address this, Morph is funding a $150 million payment accelerator to incentivize traditional payment businesses to migrate their transaction volume onto the Morph chain.
Before joining Morph, Colin Goltra served as Chief Operating Officer at Yield Guild Games (YGG) and as Director of Southeast Asia at Binance, where he played a key role in driving regional growth and ecosystem development.
Colin has been in the global crypto ecosystem for over 12 years and remains an avid believer in technology and its ability to improve the world. Prior to crypto, his background was in traditional technology and finance in Silicon Valley.
Morph is a payments-focused blockchain designed to power unified stablecoin liquidity and high-performance onchain settlement. Through native integrations and cross-chain infrastructure, Morph connects exchange liquidity with real-world financial flows.
To learn more about them visit Morph.network, and follow the team on X.
The Bitcoin.com News podcast features interviews with the most interesting leaders, founders and investors in the world of Cryptocurrency, Decentralized Finance ( DeFi), NFTs and the Metaverse. Follow us on iTunes or Spotify.
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For years, the promise of blockchain in finance was draped in the language of revolution. The world was repeatedly told that “crypto-invoicing” would upend the global supply chain. Yet as the dust settles in early 2026, the reality of institutional adoption is proving to be more pragmatic—and arguably more powerful.
In a discussion on the structural shift of digital assets, Lux Thiagarajah, chief commercial officer (CCO) at Openpayd and a veteran of JPMorgan Chase and HSBC, shed light on where the “smart money” is actually landing. His verdict? The revolution isn’t happening in the front-end billing office; it’s happening in the plumbing.
The backdrop to this shift is a transformed regulatory landscape. With the full implementation of the European Union’s Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation and the 2025 enactment of the U.S. GENIUS Act, stablecoins have officially graduated from experimental “wallet-based” tokens to regulated “account-based” production tools.
The strongest institutional buy-in remains in the on- and off-ramp space,” Thiagarajah explained. “While often described as simple infrastructure, these rails are the critical bridge between traditional fiat systems and blockchain networks.”
While the industry once dreamed of a world where every invoice was a programmable non-fungible token ( NFT), institutions are currently focused on settlement velocity. By embedding stablecoins into their backend operations, companies are slashing settlement times from days to seconds. However, the “last mile”—the ability to convert that digital value back into fiat—remains the most sought-after capability.
When asked if decentralized tech is destined to replace legacy systems, Thiagarajah was clear: This is an evolutionary layer, not a replacement. He points to the behavior of the world’s largest financial institutions—from JPMorgan’s Kinexys to Blackrock’s BUIDL fund—as proof of a “re-platforming” rather than a displacement.
This is not decentralization displacing banks,” Thiagarajah noted. “It is banks integrating decentralized technology into their existing models. KYC, AML and prudential oversight are not optional, and governments will not outsource those responsibilities to fully permissionless systems.”
However, a new challenge has emerged: regulatory divergence. While the EU’s MiCA framework emphasizes strict, state-directed supervisory control, the U.S. GENIUS Act focuses on federal legal protections and the separation of banking and commerce.
This raises a critical question for global treasurers: Will businesses be forced to maintain separate, isolated on-chain stacks for every jurisdiction? Thiagarajah believes the answer lies in the architecture.
The underlying technology is not fragmented,” he argued. “Blockchains, wallets and smart contract logic remain aligned. If infrastructure is built around a single core ledger, with compliance logic applied at the asset layer rather than the chain layer, we can avoid creating multiple isolated environments.”
The real risk, he warns, is not the rules themselves, but a lack of interoperability. If liquidity in the Eurozone is locked in MiCA-compliant tokens while U.S. liquidity sits in GENIUS-compliant tokens, the cost of moving money across borders could remain high despite the technological leap.
The 10-year outlook suggests that while banks as regulated entities will remain, the “legacy constructs” that define them—batch-based settlement and multi-day processes—will vanish.
As the CCO of Openpayd, Thiagarajah’s role is to position the firm as the architect of this bridge phase. By providing the universal infrastructure that connects domestic fiat rails with blockchain networks, Openpayd is enabling institutions to scale their digital asset strategies without waiting for a total global overhaul of business accounting.
Meanwhile, Thiagarajah shared his thoughts on MiCA’s strict transaction caps on U.S. dollar-denominated stablecoins within the European Economic Area. Though designed to protect the euro, such a requirement risks creating significant friction for European businesses, Thiagarajah argues. He said businesses may have to take “the long way round” to settle transactions, while forced conversions of euro-backed tokens into the dollars needed for international goods and services could lead to increased foreign exchange costs.
The CCO asserts that unless there is a massive structural shift in the dollar’s role as the global reserve currency, the market will remain fundamentally dollar-denominated for the foreseeable future.
Thiagarajah rejects the notion that regulation inherently stifles growth. Instead, he posits that regulatory transparency is the missing ingredient that finally justifies Tier 1 institutional flows. For banks and funds, “unclear” is synonymous with “uninvestable.” Therefore, laws like MiCA and the GENIUS Act provide the formal permission these institutions need to move from pilots to massive liquidity deployment.
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From creating a verifiable and transparent history of all agent activity to providing the rails for programmable money and instant value transfer, the blockchain is quickly becoming an indispensable technology for AI agents. According to Rodrigo Coelho, CEO of Edge and Node, without blockchain, “these autonomous exchanges would happen behind closed application programming interfaces (APIs),” lacking visibility and accountability.
While blockchain is indeed destined to become a key enabler of AI agents, Coelho believes the agentic economy’s progress will depend on how quickly the necessary infrastructure is built.
The main challenge now is scale: millions of small transactions and interactions per second. Building the infrastructure for that, from efficient settlement to shared reputation frameworks, will define the next phase of the agentic economy,” the CEO stated.
Until recently, the focus of many AI teams was deploying the next best thing. However, the rise of autonomous agents that make independent decisions has forced them to seriously consider standards. A unified set of standards would encourage organizations to adopt best practices in AI development, ensuring that systems are built with safety and ethics in mind.
For standardization proponents, a collaborative framework can provide guidelines aimed at reducing bias in AI systems. Standards in data collection, model training, and testing promote fairness and equal treatment across different demographics.
However, as Coelho explained in a written response to questions from Bitcoin.com News, “standards only emerge when ecosystems hit a breaking point”—when interoperability and coordination become existential problems. He asserts that the AI industry has reached this point and a remedy is needed now, or else the “agent economy can’t scale.”
To this end, Coelho’s Edge and Node has introduced a solution called Ampersend, which acts as the command center for the agentic economy. It is built upon open standards like Coinbase’s x402 payment protocol, Google’s A2A communication, and Ethereum’s ERC-8004 agent discovery standard.
By building on, rather than replacing, open frameworks, we’re ensuring that the ecosystem remains interoperable, scalable, and inclusive, rather than locked into proprietary systems,” Coelho said.
Turning to regulation, Coelho said while this will likely impact how the agent economy evolves, his team views this as an opportunity, not an obstacle. The real challenge, the CEO argued, is “ensuring that innovation and policy evolve together.”
Coelho also argued that once agents operate autonomously, the system becomes opaque without proper observability. He said:
Agent observability is about restoring transparency and accountability in this environment. It ensures every action is traceable, auditable, and controllable. Without that, coordination breaks down, and risks financial, operational, or security-related multiply.”
According to Coelho, Edge and Node’s solution introduces that visibility layer, which helps teams manage complexity, mitigate risk, and build trust as AI and blockchain systems converge at scale.
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The evolution of the blockchain industry has long been defined by the “Smart Economy”—a world of programmable assets and automated contracts. However, according to John Wang, head of Neo ecosystem growth and managing director of Neo Ecofund, the industry is on the precipice of a more profound shift toward what he calls the “Sentient Economy.”
In a recent discussion regarding the launch of Spoonos, Neo’s new framework for artificial intelligence (AI) agents, Wang detailed a future where the primary participants in the global economy may not be human at all.
While the industry often treats AI and blockchain as separate silos, Wang views their integration as the foundation for a new economic class. The Sentient Economy is defined as an economic system where AI agents—rather than just human operators—can own assets, make autonomous decisions, and interact trustlessly onchain.
Wang emphasizes that this movement is not merely about combining two popular technologies. Instead, it focuses on enabling AI agents to become real participants in the digital economy by ensuring they are verifiable, accountable, and composable. Under this framework, an AI agent is a sovereign economic entity. By living onchain, these agents can prove their identity, execute financial transactions without a human intermediary, and remain accountable through transparent, immutable code.
To turn this vision into reality, Neo has introduced Spoonos. Positioned as the successor to the “Smart Economy” philosophy that Neo has championed since 2017, Spoonos provides the technical scaffolding for building and coordinating these autonomous agents.
The framework currently supports a developer runtime and a unified data layer, allowing for the creation of agents that can reason using AI models while acting via blockchain infrastructure. Wang noted that the concept is already gaining institutional and developmental traction. Through strategic collaborations with industry leaders such as ChainGPT and Morph, Neo is actively cultivating a broader ecosystem where these agents can interact across different platforms and protocols.
Despite the momentum, Wang remains candid about the significant obstacles standing in the way of a fully realized Sentient Economy. He noted that developer tooling remains in its early stages, meaning the kits required to bridge high-level AI reasoning with low-level blockchain execution are still being refined. Furthermore, the mechanisms for value capture by agents are still nascent, as the industry works to determine how agents will generate and retain value autonomously. Finally, the learning curve remains steep, requiring developers to master the complex intersection of AI, blockchain, and decentralized coordination.
For Wang and the Neo ecosystem, this transition represents a natural progression in the utility of decentralized technology. If the last decade focused on making assets “smart” and programmable, the next decade is dedicated to making the economy itself “sentient.” As Wang summarized, the team previously built for programmable assets, but they are now building for “programmable intelligence.”
As AI agents begin to manage portfolios, optimize supply chains and negotiate contracts on-chain, the Sentient Economy may soon transition from a visionary concept to the standard operating procedure of the digital world.
Wang’s vision for the Sentient Economy extends far beyond decentralized finance, focusing instead on the capacity for AI to interpret the physical and digital worlds. During the Scoop AI Global Hackathon—which saw over 500 developers across Silicon Valley and London—Wang observed that the most compelling innovations were those that prioritized “probabilistic intelligence” over simple automation.
One standout application involved using Spoonos to recursively derive mathematical curves from raw data, uncovering hidden causal relationships between unrelated phenomena. For Wang, this represents the true potential of the framework: creating agents that serve as a bridge between raw information and human understanding.
To me, that’s the essence of the Sentient Economy—not just automating transactions, but building agents that perceive, reason and reveal structure in the world,” Wang said.
He believes this shift will occur through quiet integration rather than a sudden technological upheaval. As these tools become more sophisticated, they will begin to fundamentally alter how society processes information and makes decisions.
By the time people realize it’s happening, the Sentient Economy will already be here,” Wang predicted. “It won’t arrive with a big bang. It will quietly embed itself into how we observe, decide and act.”
The Neo Ecofund managing director believes the global Web3 ecosystem is currently undergoing a “civilizational” transformation. He argues that the industry has moved past the era of purely digital property—focused on tokens and consensus—into a new phase defined by programmable cognition.
For Wang, the most exciting shift is that blockchain is no longer just a tool for financial transactions; it has become the “coordination substrate” for autonomous, silicon-native agents. By providing AI with the cryptographic keys to reason, transact and persist on-chain, he suggests the industry is moving from building simple tools to “building minds.”
He describes this transition as the opening of a “trustless civilization of sentient actors,” a shift so profound it transcends the importance of any specific technical token standard. In his view, this evolution from “programmable value” to “programmable intelligence” marks the beginning of a “new social physics” where humans, AI and hybrid intelligences interact in a unified, networked economy.
As carbon-based intelligence gives way to silicon-native agents, we’re no longer just building tools—we’re building minds,” Wang said. “The moment we gave AI the keys to sign, transact, reason and persist—on-chain—we cracked open something far larger than a financial system.”
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In the report, the founders identified two primary technical bottlenecks that currently prevent blockchains from serving as the primary rails for agentic commerce: cost predictability and transaction throughput. From Stripe’s perspective, blockchains need to support 1 million to 1 billion transactions per second (TPS) to progress
Ben Goertzel, CEO of the Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) Alliance and CEO of SingularityNET, views this forecast as “entirely plausible.” Goertzel notes that standard digital financial transactions during peak hours already reach into the millions, even when primarily generated by humans through intermediaries.
The shift to agentic commerce changes the scale by orders of magnitude. “Instead of a single person initiating an action, we have an entire team of agents operating autonomously,” Goertzel explained. “Rather than one entity, we get an entire squad generating transactions.”
According to Goertzel, achieving the scale Stripe envisions requires overcoming several fundamental hurdles beyond raw speed. These include balancing decentralization, scalability, and security, as well as having agents not confined to a single network. Managing the vast volumes of information generated by autonomous squads and enabling direct peer-to-peer settlements and “elevated decentralized identity” are among other capabilities that blockchain must attain.
Goertzel suggests the solution is not a single, monolithic network, but a system of specialized networks—similar to a modern highway with dedicated lanes for buses, express traffic, and freight. “By separating traffic, we avoid gridlock,” Goertzel noted. “That’s exactly the kind of scalable architecture we need for agentic commerce: a network of shards, where each piece does one thing well and interacts seamlessly with the rest.”
The high-stakes race for AI supremacy is triggering a massive consolidation of power. Unlike the decentralized nature of blockchain, the AI sector is becoming an oligarchy dominated by tech titans investing billions in proprietary infrastructure. This concentration of influence has sparked scrutiny over whether corporate gatekeeping will supersede the public good.
Nevertheless, a resilient ecosystem of startups is launching a tactical counter-offensive. By leveraging agility, niche specialization and open-source collaboration, these smaller entities are betting that architectural diversity and ethical transparency will disrupt the monolithic status quo.
We don’t come close to Google or Microsoft in size, but we’re reaching a scale that allows us to compete more effectively, moving closer to the level needed to make decentralized AI the dominant form of AI on the planet. One of our ‘secret sauces’ is the power of diversity. Being decentralized allows us to bring together people, communities, AI algorithms, and datasets from across the globe, in contrast to the monolithic approaches taken by large centralized entities,” Goertzel said.
He added that this strategic diversity becomes particularly powerful in the current industry context, where many leading researchers are realizing that simply building larger LLMs will not lead to AGI. “This is something we understood from the very beginning, which has guided our Hyperon approach to AGI and superintelligence,” Goertzel added.
To demonstrate its belief in the “cosmopolitan approach,” Goertzel’s SingularityNET, alongside AGI Society, has organized this year’s AGI-26 conference to explore ways different interpretations and approaches to general intelligence
Meanwhile, Goertzel also shared his thoughts with Bitcoin.com News on how stakeholders can minimize the risk of AI being controlled by just a few entities or governments. He said:
We need open, decentralized, and democratic methodologies across the entire AI pipeline: deploying and running AI systems at scale, ensuring data is supplied fairly, teaching AI systems broad human values, and making collective decisions about their development.”
According to Goertzel, combining open-source code with decentralized infrastructure and governance ensures that AI remains transparent, widely accessible, and “highly beneficial for humanity and other sentient beings.”
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For years, the battle against Sybil attacks—where a single actor creates a multitude of fake identities to subvert a system—was a game of detecting bot-like behavior. If a thousand accounts moved in perfect synchronization or used the same rigid script, security systems could easily flag them as malicious.
However, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) is fundamentally dismantling these traditional defenses. In an interview with Bitcoin.com News focused on the evolving threat landscape, Paolo D’Amico, senior staff product engineer at Tools for Humanity, outlined how AI has transitioned from a technical tool to a sophisticated “force multiplier” for digital attackers.
In the past, executing a Sybil attack at scale required significant technical overhead to ensure the “clones” appeared distinct. According to D’Amico, AI has lowered this barrier to entry by automating the creation of credible personas.
AI makes that automation both easier to deploy and more convincing in practice,” D’Amico notes. “It expands an attacker’s ability to generate realistic behavior, adapt dynamically, and bypass existing security controls.”
Unlike traditional bots that follow static code, AI-driven agents can generate unique social media posts, engage in varied onchain transactions, and mimic the “jitter” of human timing. This dynamic adaptation makes it nearly impossible for legacy security systems to identify a cluster of accounts as being controlled by a single entity.
Perhaps the most significant shift D’Amico identifies is a fundamental change in how we perceive automated traffic. Historically, security teams operated under a simple criterion: Automated traffic is bad; human traffic is good. Yet, as we move toward an era of decentralized AI agents that perform legitimate tasks, that binary is breaking down.
Agents are providing a new interface for interacting online, which makes it harder to distinguish harmful automation from legitimate or desired automated activity,” D’Amico explains. “As a result, sites now need to adapt their defenses for a world where automation itself is no longer a reliable signal of abuse.”
If AI can solve puzzles and mimic human browsing patterns, the question arises: Is the traditional CAPTCHA dead? According to D’Amico, these tools are not necessarily disappearing, but they are undergoing a radical evolution
Relying on simple puzzles is becoming a game that AI is increasingly winning. Instead, robust solutions must move toward fundamentally representing a human better in the digital world. D’Amico points to emerging standards like those from the Privacy Pass working group as a glimpse into a future where “human-in-the-loop” actions are verified through deeper technological layers.
To combat the threat of a Sybil swarm of autonomous agents, new infrastructure is emerging that prioritizes verified uniqueness. One such solution is Agentkit, an SDK based on the World ID Protocol.
By integrating Agentkit, websites can gate, limit, or control access to content based on rules set for World ID credentials. The most immediate application is rate limiting based on unique humans. For instance, a platform could allow each verified person a set number of requests within a specific timeframe, effectively neutralizing the advantage of mass-produced bot accounts.
According to D’Amico, World ID introduces a security layer where scaling Sybil attacks becomes significantly more difficult. In this ecosystem, an attacker can no longer gain a new identity simply by providing a new email address or phone number. To the system, you must be a new person. This shift is anchored by the Orb—a sophisticated piece of trusted hardware—and the use of zero-knowledge (ZK) cryptography, ensuring uniqueness is verified without compromising individual privacy.
As the economy of autonomous agents grows, the challenge moves from mere identification to authorization. New protocols like x402 enable agents to pay for web resources directly. However, the critical security question remains: How do we know an agent is spending on behalf of a human rather than acting as a rogue script?
For humans, that means stronger verifiable trust anchors that allow identity to remain a reliable representation of a real person online,” D’Amico predicts. “In parallel, I expect identity frameworks for autonomous agents to become more important.”
As agents begin to interact with financial systems and platforms in more meaningful ways, the industry will require clearer ways to verify who or what they represent, the extent of their authority, and whether they are acting on behalf of a real user.
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The shift from manual interaction to artificial intelligence (AI) agents in decentralized finance (DeFi) represents the autopilot era of crypto. In the past, DeFi required users to be glued to screens, monitoring gas fees, slippage, and liquidation risks. Today, autonomous agents are taking over the heavy lifting, providing continuous monitoring that was previously available only to institutional hedge funds.
In some cases, agents can automatically pull liquidity out of a pool if they detect a rug pull pattern or if a stablecoin starts to de-peg. According to Jacob C., the co-founder and CEO of Coinfello, AI agents are also enhancing the way DeFi users interact with smart contracts.
Before AI agents, users were required to trust a centralized intermediary website (the dapp) which pointed at the smart contract,” Jacob C. said. “They had to trust the website to honestly convey what a smart contract does, to legitimately point at the correct smart contract, and to not be hacked by a malicious third party.”
AI agents like Coinfello, Jacob C. argues, are eliminating this risk by interfacing directly with smart contracts, reading them, and explaining their risks to users. In other words, AI agents act as a translation layer that could prove vital if DeFi is to scale to levels that seem impossible now.
Nevertheless, while AI agents undeniably enhance efficiency and streamline complex workflows, they also expose systems to new vulnerabilities—most notably oracle dependency, where external data sources can distort outcomes, and a subtle erosion of human agency, as decision-making authority shifts from individuals to algorithms. The Coinfello CEO concurs, warning that users still need to be able to verify or audit an agent before completely surrendering control or access to their funds.
Most of the AI agents that we see on the market today require users to transfer funds into a wallet fully controlled by the AI agent, and to trust that the agent will not make mistakes or will not be malicious,” the CEO said.
To get around this problem, Jacob C. said his platform uses what he called “ liquidity sandboxing,” a concept he says enables users to approve individual permissions to the AI agent that limit which tokens the agent can access. The Coinfello team believes this approach “creates guardrails that fundamentally solve the dangers of securely using AI agents.”
Regarding the prospects of DeFi in the age of AI agents, Jacob C. foresees these agents automating actions that a user otherwise would not have time to monitor, such as dollar-cost averaging or executing personally defined trading strategies. By 2030, he predicts decentralized applications ( dApps) will decline to the point where they are no longer the primary way people use smart contracts.
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The early years of the decentralized finance (DeFi) boom were defined by a wild west approach to interoperability. As the blockchain ecosystem fractured into dozens of competing networks, the industry rushed to build “bridges”—digital conduits designed to move value across these isolated islands.
While these third-party bridges addressed a genuine market need, they arrived with severe architectural flaws. According to Przemek Kowalczyk, co-founder and CEO of Ramp Network, the problem wasn’t the intention behind these tools, but the inherent risk in their design.
Traditional third-party bridges typically operate on a “lock-and-mint” mechanism. To move an asset from Ethereum to Solana, for example, a user locks their original tokens in a smart contract on the source chain. The bridge then mints a wrapped or synthetic representation of that asset on the destination chain.
This architecture creates a massive honeypot for hackers. Because security often depends on a small set of validators or a narrow coordination layer, the attack surface is expansive. If the central vault holding the original assets is compromised, the wrapped tokens on the other side become effectively worthless. This fragility has led to billions of dollars in losses through high-profile exploits over the past several years.
The industry is now undergoing a fundamental shift away from these traditional structures. In their place, native swap-based approaches are becoming the standard for cross-chain interoperability. Unlike bridges that rely on synthetic representations, native swaps allow users to exchange assets across chains directly. Liquidity is sourced across multiple networks, and the transaction settles into the destination asset itself.
That removes several of the trust assumptions that made many early bridges fragile,” Kowalczyk explains. By settling directly into the native asset of the destination network, the need for “wrapped” tokens—and the centralized risks associated with them—is eliminated.
As the underlying rails of DeFi become more robust through native swaps, the way users interact with those rails is also changing. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) agents is shifting DeFi from a manual environment to an automated one.
Kowalczyk notes that agent frameworks like Openclaw are moving from experimental tools into broader integration. This transition signals a shift from theory to infrastructure, where execution becomes continuous and data-driven.
Agents can monitor liquidity, rebalance positions, adjust collateral, and route swaps without human input,” Kowalczyk says. For experienced participants, this represents a significant efficiency gain; for new users, it lowers the barrier to entry by handling the technical “heavy lifting” in the background.
This evolution is colliding with traditional finance (TradFi), particularly through the rapid adoption of stablecoins. For legacy companies that generated revenue from slow, expensive cross-border payments, stablecoins represent a paradigm shift.
Kowalczyk argues that the institutions that thrive will be those that stop viewing stablecoins as competition and start viewing them as infrastructure. Stablecoins compress settlement times and run 24/7, bypassing the traditional delays of correspondent banking.
Once someone experiences value moving at any hour and clearing in minutes, slower alternatives feel broken,” Kowalczyk observes.
While USD-pegged stablecoins currently dominate the market—reflecting the dollar’s role in global trade and reserves—the landscape is diversifying. Kowalczyk suggests that global competition with the dollar is not necessarily the right framework for other currencies.
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Asia reportedly drives nearly half of global stablecoin flows, powering cross-border trade and institutional liquidity. Yet in the major banks of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Jakarta, reception to stablecoins remains distinctly cold.
While some observers attribute this to a “generational gap” or a lack of technical understanding, Bernardo Bilotta, CEO and co-founder of Stables, argues that the reality is far more calculated. According to Bilotta, the reluctance of Asian banks to embrace stablecoins is not a failure of imagination but a masterclass in institutional self-preservation.
For a commercial bank, the most critical asset on the balance sheet is not cash or property; it is the relationship with the central bank. In many Southeast Asian markets, the regulatory environment for digital assets remains a moving target.
Taking on stablecoin exposure, even just for processing, means taking on reputational risk with the regulator before the rules are fully settled,” Bilotta said. In an environment where guidance can tighten significantly from one quarter to the next with little warning, the risk of a regulatory pivot makes long-term infrastructure investment a gamble most banks are unwilling to take.
Beyond local regulators, Asian banks must answer to a global hierarchy. To facilitate international trade, these institutions rely on correspondent banking relationships with partners in New York and London.
Bilotta points out a harsh reality of the current global financial plumbing: Compliance teams in Western financial hubs are notoriously risk-averse. If a bank in Jakarta or Bangkok begins dabbling in stablecoins, it risks being flagged by its Western partners. The threat of having a correspondent relationship terminated—effectively cutting a bank off from the U.S. dollar or euro markets—is a survival logic that far outweighs the potential profits of stablecoin integration.
Even for banks willing to look past the risk, a new hurdle has emerged: regulatory fragmentation. Across Asia, jurisdictions are taking vastly different paths. Singapore, for instance, has embedded stablecoin rules into its existing Payment Services Act, while Hong Kong recently enacted a standalone Stablecoins Ordinance.
Critics argue these silos hamper growth, as a token compliant in one city may face hurdles just an hour’s flight away. However, Bilotta views this not as a roadblock but as a necessary phase of convergence.
Framing it as purely a problem misses what’s actually happening,” Bilotta said. “Singapore and Hong Kong have different approaches to the same goal: treating stablecoins as regulated payment instruments. The underlying principles—reserve backing, redemption rights, and AML compliance—are converging.”
Until the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of action, the status quo holds,” Bilotta said. The cautious stance of Asian banks isn’t irrational—it is a defensive crouch. However, as the infrastructure layer becomes more robust and local-currency tokens begin to solve the “last-mile” problem, the pressure on these institutions will only grow. The question for Asia’s banking sector is no longer whether they understand the technology but how much longer they can afford to prioritize survival over evolution.
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#NOTCOİN

Nobitex, the dominant crypto exchange in Iran, was founded by two brothers from the Kharrazi family, a clan related by marriage to all three supreme leaders of the Islamic Republic, according to a lengthy Reuters investigation published Friday.
Reuters reported that brothers Ali and Mohammad Kharrazi registered the company in 2018 using the surname Aghamir Mohammad Ali, a name they used in corporate filings, university life and a Nobitex marketing brochure, while other relatives publicly use the Kharrazi name. The brothers founded the company alongside chief executive Amir Hosein Rad, who is not related to the family.
Their grandfather reportedly sat on the Assembly of Experts, the body that selects Iran's supreme leader, and once tutored Mojtaba Khamenei, who succeeded his father Ali Khamenei as supreme leader after the Feb. 28 U.S. and Israeli airstrike. Their father, Ayatollah Bagher Kharrazi, founded the Iranian political organization Hezbollah, distinct from the Lebanese militia, and according to Reuters helped staff the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) after the 1979 revolution.
Reuters said it traced the link by cross-referencing Iranian corporate, government and banking records, and noted that the email address used to register the Nobitex domain in 2017 contained the Kharrazi name and was also used for a religious charity chaired by the brothers' father.
In a statement to Reuters, Nobitex denied any government affiliation, said the brothers had not changed their identity and characterized any illicit funds moving through the platform as a "very small fraction of overall volume" that occurred without management's awareness. Iran's government did not respond to requests for comment from Reuters
The exchange claims roughly 11 million users and handles about 70% of Iran's crypto activity, according to figures cited in the Reuters report. The Block has previously covered Nobitex's outsized role in the country's sanctioned crypto ecosystem, including $11 billion in lifetime inflows tracked by Chainalysis.
Estimates of illicit volume on Nobitex vary widely across blockchain analytics firms. Reuters cited Elliptic identifying around $366 million in suspect flows, Chainalysis estimating closer to $68 million, and Crystal Intelligence pointing to roughly $22 million in direct transfers from sanctioned wallets. All three firms told Reuters the true figures are likely higher.
A separate Elliptic analysis cited by Reuters found that wallets controlled by the Central Bank of Iran sent about $347 million to Nobitex in the first half of 2025, part of a larger central bank crypto buying program Elliptic has previously documented.
Reuters also reported that one of Nobitex's largest early backers, Mohammad Bagher Nahvi, is vice chairman of Safiran Airport Services, a company sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury in September 2022 for coordinating flights tied to Iranian drone shipments to Russia.
A 2025 spat between disgraced Iranian businessman Babak Zanjani and the Central Bank of Iran inadvertently exposed wallet addresses that allowed Crystal Intelligence and another analyst to identify at least $20 million in central bank funds that had been routed through Nobitex, according to Reuters
Nobitex has continued processing transactions throughout the ongoing U.S.-Israeli war in Iran, even during the nationwide internet blackout imposed Feb. 28, Reuters reported, citing Crystal Intelligence and other blockchain analytics firms.
Crystal Intelligence told Reuters that Nobitex has processed more than $100 million in transactions during the war, around 20% of normal activity, while $54 million has been withdrawn from the exchange since the conflict began, with much of it moving abroad to brokers who convert crypto to cash. The Block has previously reported on similar post-strike outflow surges tracked by Chainalysis.
Internet monitoring firm NetBlocks told Reuters that only 1% to 2% of Iranians, those on a "state-approved whitelist," currently have internet access.
The U.S. Treasury announced new sanctions on April 28 targeting what it described as Iran's shadow banking infrastructure, but Nobitex was not among the designated entities. Reuters reported it could find no indication that any member of the Kharrazi family had been sanctioned by Western governments.
In a statement to Reuters, Senator Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., ranking Democrat on the Senate Banking Committee, called the findings a "flashing red light" and said adversaries are using digital assets to move funds outside the U.S.-led financial system
Binance, which Reuters previously reported moved $7.8 billion for Nobitex clients despite U.S. sanctions, did not respond to questions from Reuters for the new report. Former Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao was sentenced to prison in 2024 for money laundering violations and later pardoned by President Donald Trump in 2025
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According to the protocol's amendment documentation, the update, known as XLS-81 or “Permissioned DEX,” creates controlled versions of XRPL’s built-in decentralized exchange.
Unlike the network’s existing open-order book, the new feature allows designated administrators to determine who can place and accept trades, effectively creating a members-only marketplace tied to compliance requirements such as know-your-customer and anti-money-laundering checks. Trading mechanics remain native to the ledger, but access can be restricted to approved participants under the new model.
The design targets financial institutions that want blockchain-based settlement and liquidity while maintaining control over counterparty eligibility.
The XRP Ledger is a public blockchain originally launched in 2012 and closely associated with Ripple, designed for payments, token issuance, and decentralized exchange functionality built into its base layer.
Last week, the network activated XLS-85, extending its native escrow functionality beyond XRP to trustline-based tokens and multi-purpose tokens, including stablecoins and tokenized real-world assets. Escrow and permissioned exchange functionality together aim to provide a more complete toolkit for regulated tokenized markets, from issuance to secondary trading.
Although retail traders may see little day-to-day impact, the shift underscores XRPL’s direction of travel. Rather than doubling down on fully open DeFi venues, the network is carving out infrastructure designed to meet the operational and compliance needs of traditional financial players.
The activation also follows broader ecosystem discussions about the ledger’s evolution.
In recent months, a RippleX engineer has explored the potential for native XRP staking, with Ripple CTO David Schwartz weighing in on possible future design changes. Separately, Ripple has partnered with Aviva Investors to tokenize funds on XRPL, signaling growing interest in regulated asset issuance on the network.
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Historically, the yuan hasn't had much direct pull on BTC prices. Rumors have swirled for years that a weaker yuan pushes Chinese capital into crypto (and vice versa), but there's zero solid proof.
However, swings in the yuan’s value can still affect bitcoin via macroeconomic channels and foreign-exchange markets, according to newsletter service LondonCryptoClub, whose founder said the ongoing strengthening of CNY could bode well for bitcoin's price.
When the yuan is strengthening, it provides the cover for China to step up stimulus and easing to address the deflationary spiral they’re battling," the founders of the newsletter service told CoinDesk.
A strengthening currency makes imports cheaper, thereby putting downward pressure on domestic inflation. This, in turn, creates room for policymakers to provide economic stimulus.
Coincidentally, calls for Chinese stimulus have increased alongside a stronger yuan, following a string of dismal retail sales and corporate investment data released early this week.
This stimulus could compensate for the expected increase in borrowing costs in Japan and Australia and the prospects of slower rate cuts by the Fed, thereby supporting risk assets, including cryptocurrencies.
Now, coming to the foreign exchange part. A relentless rally in the yuan may prompt the People's Bank of China to intervene by buying dollars against the yuan.
These dollars don't just sit idle; they're recycled or sold against other currencies to maintain a stable currency mix in the reserve portfolio, which holds trillions in major currencies, including the dollar, euros, yen, and others.
This recycling operation ends up dragging the dollar index lower. And as it's well known, a weaker dollar tends to boost demand for dollar-denominated assets like bitcoin and contribute to looser financial conditions (cheaper cash).
Smoothing operations to slow the strength means increasing the money supply as they effectively print CNY to buy dollars. Those dollars also get “recycled”, selling against other currencies to maintain stable FX weightings in their portfolio," founders said.
This feeds broad dollar weakness. Added together, it all feeds into an easier liquidity environment which should be bullish for bitcoin," they added.
The coming weeks will show whether this backdrop can steady bitcoin’s slide and help the market find its footing again.
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The new framework due Jan. 1 will let banks pay interest on clients' e-CNY holdings.
The future digital yuan will be a modern digital payment and circulation means issued and circulated within the financial system, with technical support and supervision provided by the central bank, possessing the attributes of commercial bank liabilities, based on accounts, compatible with distributed ledger technology, and having the functions of a measure of monetary value, store of value, and cross-border payment," Lei wrote.
The plan also proposes to establish an international digital yuan operations centre in Shanghai.
The PBOC began working on the digital yuan program in 2014 under the name of the Digital Currency Electronic Payment or DCEP project to research benefits of the CBDC.
The central bank launched the digital yuan in April 2022. Since then, it has airdropped e-CNY as part of a pilot program to encourage adoption.
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Chinese-language networks now handle a disproportionate share of global crypto money laundering flows, according to a new Chainalysis report.
Chinese-language money laundering networks (CMLNs) now account for around 20% of known laundering activity, the firm said. Inflows to these networks have grown thousands of times faster than those to centralized exchanges or decentralized finance protocols since 2020, as criminals increasingly avoid venues where funds can be frozen.
Chainalysis identified at least $16.1 billion processed by CMLNs in 2025 alone, spread across 1,800 active wallets and six core service types. These range from “running point” brokers who provide initial access to bank accounts and exchange wallets, to sprawling money mule networks, informal OTC desks and so-called “Black U” services that openly trade tainted crypto at a discount.
At the center of the ecosystem sit Telegram-based “guarantee platforms,” which serve as escrow and reputation hubs that connect buyers and sellers of laundering services. Even when individual channels are disrupted, vendors quickly migrate to other channels, keeping operations largely intact.
The speed and scale of these networks suggest deep links to off-chain criminal organizations, including scam operations and cybercrime rings. While recent sanctions and advisories have brought greater scrutiny, Chainalysis said the findings highlight how crypto-enabled laundering has evolved into a resilient, global service industry that adapts quickly to enforcement pressure.
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China’s exports remain resilient under U.S. tariffs as the yuan stays tightly managed, sending ripples all the way to the crypto market.
In response, China has adapted to Trump's tactics, with tight control over the yuan's exchange rate playing a key role in its resilience.
According to a recent note by JPMorgan, this stance on exchange rate management has helped Beijing preserve export competitiveness and contain deflation, while amplifying dollar-led liquidity cycles during periods of trade stress.
In other words, China's exchange rate management tends to supercharge dollar-driven cash flows during the escalation of trade tensions, like storms that make the flood worse.
This affects bitcoin, which is a macro-sensitive asset. It tanks when the tariff-led risk-off makes the dollar liquidity scarce and rebounds when the tensions ease. That's exactly how bitcoin traded in March-April last year after trade tensions escalated.
China’s influence on crypto prices runs indirectly through currency management and global liquidity cycles, data suggests, unlike the U.S., where it flows directly via capital movements in exchange-traded funds and other alternative investment vehicles.
That interpretation aligns with arguments from Arthur Hayes, who has framed U.S.-China trade deals as largely performative and emphasized that the real economic adjustment occurs through quieter channels.
In his view, tariffs and negotiations set the political backdrop, while FX policy, capital-account tools, and Treasury-led liquidity management determine market outcomes
JPMorgan’s outlook reinforces that logic. China may not allow the yuan to strengthen meaningfully, but the interaction among tariffs, managed FX, and dollar liquidity still shapes the macro environment in which bitcoin trades.
According to JPMorgan Private Bank’s latest Asia outlook, China’s export engine remains resilient, with real exports on track to grow about 8% in 2025 and global market share rising to roughly 15%, despite a dense web of U.S. tariffs, and U.S.-bound exports from China dropping to below 10% of the total.
That resilience reflects diversification toward ASEAN and other regions, as well as a deliberate decision to tightly manage the yuan rather than allow it to appreciate.
The Chinese yuan has strengthened about 4% over the past year off its 2023 lows, but on a calendar-year basis in 2025 it is only marginally stronger against the dollar, underscoring how tightly managed and range-bound the currency remains.
Any recent yuan strength, the bank argues, is likely seasonal, with the medium-term outlook pointing to a stable, range-bound trajectory as policymakers prioritize export competitiveness and grapple with entrenched deflationary pressure.
The bank cautioned that the bar for meaningful yuan appreciation remains high, describing the currency as operating under a low-volatility management framework in which movements are largely dictated by the dollar.
For crypto markets, that framework shifts the focus away from sustained yuan appreciation and toward liquidity transmission.
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The agreement necessitates firms restructure reward programs from a "buy and hold" to a "buy and use" model; however, CCI raised concerns over its broad prohibition.
It carves out rewards programs tied to "bona fide activities or bona fide transactions," and directs Treasury and the CFTC to write rules within a year of enactment.
Blockchain Association CEO Summer Mersinger called the deal a step in the right direction.
We commend Senators Tillis and Alsobrooks for their leadership in reaching this agreement," Mersinger said. "Every day without a clear legal framework is an invitation for top-tier talent, capital, and innovative companies to locate elsewhere."
The Crypto Council for Innovation endorsed the bill while flagging concerns. Its CEO Ji Hun Kim said the new language extends the prohibition framework well beyond last year's GENIUS Act, which barred only issuers from paying rewards.
CCI has been clear that we disagree with assertions about deposit flight concerns from stablecoin adoption," Kim wrote on X. The text, he said, "goes VERY FAR beyond" the GENIUS Act by applying to all digital asset market participants.
Kim urged the committee to advance the bill anyway. "The north star is to ensure that the U.S. can lead on crypto–this is the future. We respectfully ask Senate Banking to move to mark up. The time is now,” he wrote.
Circle Chief Strategy Officer Dante Disparte, whose firm issues the USDC and EURC stablecoins, endorsed the deal without qualification.
Today's compromise on stablecoin yield marks meaningful progress in the CLARITY Act negotiations," Disparte said. He pointed to USDC's growth in cross-border payments, capital markets collateral and agentic commerce.
The United States faces a clear choice in digital assets: lead or be led," he said. “Today’s progress is an encouraging signal that the U.S. is choosing to lead.”
Coinbase had the most at stake in the negotiations. CEO Brian Armstrong posted "Mark it up" after the text dropped. Chief legal officer Paul Grewal said the language preserves activity-based rewards tied to real participation on crypto platforms, which is what the bank lobby had asked for.
The Senate Banking Committee postponed an earlier CLARITY Act markup in January. Other negotiation points remain unresolved, but the yield language has largely been the greatest obstacle.
Firms will need to restructure rewards programs from a "buy and hold" model to a "buy and use" one to comply with the transaction caveats.
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UThe ban applies to fintechs and payment firms, closing the back-end payment rail for cross-border flows, but individual crypto investors can still buy and hold assets.
Payments between an eFX provider and its foreign counterparty must move through a foreign exchange transaction or a non-resident real-denominated account in Brazil, with cryptocurrencies barred as an option.
A remittance firm cannot take reais from a customer, convert the funds into USDT, USDC or bitcoin and settle the payment abroad on a blockchain
The rule does not ban crypto trading. Investors can still buy, sell, hold and transfer cryptocurrency through authorized virtual asset service providers under Resolution BCB No. 521, which took effect February 2. Resolution 561 closes the back-end payment rail used by regulated eFX firms.
The change targets companies like Wise, Nomad and Braza Bank that had built stablecoin settlement into cross-border flows. Nomad, for example, uses Ripple's network to move funds between Brazil and the U.S. and settle in stablecoins, while Braza Bank issued a real-backed stablecoin on the XRP Ledger.
Brazil's crypto market is moving $6 billion to $8 billion a month, with stablecoins accounting for roughly 90% of volume, per Receita Federal data. The country ranked fifth in global crypto adoption in 2025, up from tenth a year earlier. About 25 million Brazilians hold or transact in crypto.
The resolution also restricts eFX to BCB-authorized institutions: banks, Caixa Econômica Federal, securities and FX brokers, and payment institutions acting as e-money issuers or acquirers. Firms without authorization can keep operating but must apply by May 31, 2027. They must use segregated accounts for client funds and file detailed monthly reports.
Resolution 561 expands eFX in one direction. Providers can now handle transfers tied to financial and capital market investments in Brazil or abroad, capped at $10,000 per transaction. The same limit applies to digital payment solutions not integrated with e-commerce platforms.
The rule is the second front in a broader regulatory push. In March, industry associations representing more than 850 companies pushed back against extending Brazil's IOF financial transaction tax to stablecoin operations.
Brazil's regulator is drawing a line for crypto to exist in the market, but not as eFX settlement infrastructure.
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HKMA teams up with mainland regulators to develop a cross-border platform linking cargo data and electronic bills of lading, aiming to cut trade finance friction and plug Chinese supply chains into global markets
The MoU signals growing adoption of bitcoin in real-world plumbing, targeting $1.5 trillion in annual cargo finance where paper work and jams still cost a lot in delays in fraud.
By plugging mainland cargo data into Hong Kong’s international-facing infrastructure, officials aim to reduce friction in cross-border trade while reinforcing the city’s status as the primary conduit between China and global capital markets.
Under the agreement, the parties will study the creation of a cross-border platform under the HKMA’s Project Ensemble framework. The initiative will explore the use of electronic bills of lading and blockchain-based documentation to streamline trade finance, while connecting with Hong Kong’s Commercial Data Interchange and CargoX to facilitate secure data sharing.
For Hong Kong, the move extends its digital asset strategy beyond tokenized green bonds and into the real economy. Instead of focusing solely on sovereign issuance or crypto markets, regulators are targeting the operational bottlenecks in cargo finance, where paper documents, fragmented data, and manual verification continue to slow credit decisions.
If successful, the platform could embed Hong Kong deeper into mainland supply chains while offering international investors and banks a compliant gateway to Chinese trade data. In doing so, the city is attempting to turn blockchain from a pilot project into core cross-border financial infrastructure.
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