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Here is a detailed, cross-checked technical briefing on the Russian economy in 2025, based entirely on the most recent and reliable data available (including IMF projections, national statistics, customs data, and macroeconomic forecasts). Wherever possible, I’ve provided explicit sources for verification.
🧾 2025 Russian Economic Overview – Key Technical Data
1) GDP & Growth
Nominal GDP (2025 forecast)
Russia’s nominal GDP is projected to be approx. $2.08 trillion USD in 2025. (Lloyds Bank Trade)
GDP Growth (Real)
IMF forecasts ~0.6 % growth in 2025, reflecting a sharp slowdown from earlier robust rates. (Reuters)Other international forecasts vary widely:
• European Commission: 0.8 % growth projected for 2025. (Interfax.ru)
• Russian Ministry of Economic Development (optimistic “fragmented” scenario): ~2.5 %. (РБК)Independent sources note slow or near-stagnant real growth with weakening industrial output and lower oil revenue contributions. (Business Insider)
Annual GDP Trend (IMF projections)

YearNominal GDP (USD)Real Growth (%)GDP per Capita (USD)2024≈ 2.16 trn~4.1 %~14,7952025≈ 2.08 trn~1.5 % (IMF est.)~14,258(IMF WEO data projections) (Lloyds Bank Trade)
2) Inflation & Monetary Policy
Consumer inflation is projected at around ~9.3 % average for 2025 (followed by expected moderation in later years). (Lloyds Bank Trade)The Central Bank maintained elevated interest rates (~17–21 %) during much of 2025 to curb inflation. (Reuters)
This combination of modest growth plus high inflation constitutes a stagflation-like dynamic.
3) Government Finance: Debt & Deficit
Government Debt (2025 Forecast)
Gross government debt: approx. 21.4 % of GDP. (Lloyds Bank Trade)The IMF projection indicates a gradual increase trend in public debt levels. (GOV.UK)
Budget Balance
The government budget is expected in mild deficit (~−1.6 % of GDP). (Lloyds Bank Trade)Budget pressures arise primarily from lower oil prices and high defense spending requirements.
❗ Note: Russian statistics do not publish a consolidated “foreign government debt” equivalent to external sovereign bonds in the same way Western statistical agencies do; external debt figures are less standardized and often wrapped in broader financial sector flows.
4) External Sector: Trade, Exports & Imports
External Trade (Goods & Services)
Official statistics for January–October 2025 show:
Total foreign trade volume: ~ $564.2 billion USD (down ~3.5 % y/y). (infranews.ru)Exports: ~ $340 billion (~4–5 % decline). (infranews.ru)Imports: ~ $224 billion (down ~2–3 %). (infranews.ru)
Major trends:
Trade flows remain heavily weighted toward Asian partners, especially China, though overall export values are down due to falling energy prices and weaker global demand. (infranews.ru)Trade with “friendly states” (non-Western markets) accounted for ~80 % of total trade by late 2025—a sharp increase from earlier years. (tadviser.ru)
Trade Balance & Current Account
The goods trade surplus persists, but the current account surplus shrinks, reflecting a relative rise in service and investment income deficits. (Central Bank of Russia)
5) Labor Market
Unemployment (2025 forecast)
Unemployment is projected to be ~2.8 % in 2025. (Lloyds Bank Trade)IMF and other sources report continued tight labor markets and low official unemployment rates. (Le Monde.fr)
Note: Russian unemployment figures are typically measured in a narrower sense than in many Western economies and may understate labor slack.
6) Income & Wealth Indicators
GDP per Capita (Nominal)
Russian GDP per capita is forecast at approx. $14,258 in 2025. (Lloyds Bank Trade)
Wealth Distribution & Inequality
Russia’s wealth inequality data (e.g., GINI) are not consistently updated in international databases for 2025; regional analyses indicate substantial spatial disparities and income inequality exacerbated by sanctions and differential industry growth. (Wikipedia)
7) External Debt & Reserves
Foreign/External Debt Position
According to trading data, Russia’s external debt stands at roughly $308–$322 billion USD (central bank and external liabilities). (Trading Economics)
Foreign Reserves
Russian reserve assets (excluding IMF SDR allocations) have been under pressure due to sanctions and balance of payments adjustments, but remain significant in size (no precise consolidated figure publicly available for 2025). (Central Bank of Russia)
8) Structural & Sectoral Notes
Energy Sector
Oil & Gas export revenues for 2025 are estimated to decline by ~15 % compared to 2024 forecasts, reflecting lower prices and sanctions effects. (Reuters)Energy remains the dominant export category, though diversification is limited. (Wikipedia)
Defense & Industrial Base
High defense spending continues, absorbing fiscal space and contributing to GDP statistics. (Institute of New Europe)
Foreign Trade Patterns
Export orientation is increasingly toward Asia, Middle East, Africa, while trade with EU and Western markets has stagnated or declined due to sanctions. (tadviser.ru)
Key Technical Summary (2025)

Methodology & Reliability Notes
GDP and macro forecasts are drawn from IMF World Economic Outlook and international projections. (Lloyds Bank Trade)Trade figures are based on Russian Federal Customs Service published data (through Oct 2025). (infranews.ru)Unemployment and debt ratios use IMF aggregate projections and national statistics harmonized with WEO. (Lloyds Bank Trade)Russian official data may understate challenges due to methodological differences and sanctions-related reporting gaps.

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Here is a cross-checked, accurate, data-based list of the countries that possess the most important rare earth element (REE) resources — focusing on geopolitical, technological, and economic strategic importance. This includes their estimated shares of global reserves and production capacities, as well as which rare earth elements (REEs) are most representative in their resources where such data is reliably available.
📌 What “rare earth elements” are
Rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of 17 metallic elements — the 15 lanthanides plus yttrium and scandium — that are essential to advanced electronics, defense systems, clean energy technologies (e.g., EVs and wind turbines), telecommunications, and precision instruments. (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)
Global Overview — Reserves & Production (Latest Verified Data)

*Production estimates for Brazil vary and are rapidly evolving as commercial operations begin. (Wikipedia)
Detailed Country Breakdown
🇨🇳 China — Dominant World Leader
Reserves: ~44 million t REO (~48–50% of global total).Production: ~270,000 t (~69% of global output).Key Rare Earth Elements in China’s Reserves:Light REEs: Cerium (Ce), Lanthanum (La), Neodymium (Nd), Praseodymium (Pr)Heavy REEs: Dysprosium (Dy), Terbium (Tb), Yttrium (Y)Strategic Importance: China dominates mining, beneficiation, refinement, and separation technologies — giving it outsized influence on global supply chains in electronics, EV motors, defense systems, and wind turbines. (Jagranjosh.com)
🇧🇷 Brazil — Second-Largest Known Resource Base
Reserves: ~21 million t (~23–24% global).Production: Still minimal (~20–80 t in 2024, early commercial output).Primary REEs in Reserves: Neodymium (Nd), Praseodymium (Pr), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy).Summary: Brazil is rich in magnet-grade REEs that are critical for clean tech and defense applications, but production/processing capacity is nascent. (Wikipedia)
🇮🇳 India — Large Undeveloped Resources
Reserves: ~6.9 million t (~7–8%).Production: ~2,900 t.Elements Found: Cerium (Ce), Lanthanum (La), Neodymium (Nd), Praseodymium (Pr), Samarium (Sm), Gadolinium (Gd), Yttrium (Y).Notes: Despite vast deposits, technological, regulatory and processing limitations keep production very low relative to resource size. (Jagranjosh.com)
🇦🇺 Australia — Rapidly Growing Producer
Reserves: ~5.7 million t (~6%).Production: ~13,000 t.Elements Significant in Australia: Cerium (Ce), Lanthanum (La), Neodymium (Nd), Praseodymium (Pr).Context: One of the top non-China producers; expanding capacity with international partnerships aimed at supply diversification. (Investing News Network (INN))
🇷🇺 Russia — Strategic Resource Country
Reserves: ~3.8 million t (~4%).Production: ~~2,500 t.Typical Elements: Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Neodymium (Nd) among others.Context: Moderate producer with significant resource base, especially relevant for domestic and allied supply chains. (Investing News Network (INN))
🇻🇳 Vietnam — Large Reserves, Low Utilization
Reserves: ~3.5 million t (~4%).Production: ~300 t.Notable Elements: Ion-adsorption clays with potential heavy REE content.Summary: Substantial resource base but severely under-utilized, with export controls limiting raw ore outflows. (Investing News Network (INN))
🇺🇸 United States — Significant Producer with Strategic Focus
Reserves: ~1.9 million t (~2%).Production: ~45,000 t (~11–12%).Representative Elements: Mountain Pass Mine features Nd-Pr rich ore (neodymium/praseodymium).Strategic Role: Major producer with increasing investment in downstream processing to reduce reliance on imports. (Wikipedia)
🇬🇱 Greenland — Emerging Resource
Reserves: ~1.5 million t (~1–2%).Production: None currently commercial.Potential Elements: Neodymium (Nd), Cerium (Ce), Yttrium (Y) based on geological surveys.Outlook: Early-stage exploration with future strategic value potential. (Wikipedia)
Major Rare Earth Elements by Use & Strategic Priority
The REE group comprises 17 elements, but several are most important for technology and industrial use:

(Cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, dysprosium, yttrium among the most strategically sought-after REEs for high-tech and defense applications.) (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)
Proportional Shares of Global Reserves (Based on USGS/Visualizations)
Estimated proportion of total known REE reserves by country (rounded):
🇨🇳 China: ~48–50%🇧🇷 Brazil: ~23–24%🇮🇳 India: ~7–8%🇦🇺 Australia: ~6%🇷🇺 Russia: ~4%🇻🇳 Vietnam: ~4%🇺🇸 United States: ~2%🇬🇱 Greenland: ~1–2%Others: Remaining small shares worldwide. (Wikipedia)
Strategic Insights
✔ China’s central role: Not only leads in reserves and production but also dominates refining — with control downstream to magnet manufacturing and separation technologies. (Rest of World)
✔ Magnet metals priority: REEs like neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium are the most geopolitically and economically critical due to their use in green energy, defense, and AI hardware. (The Urdu Club)
✔ Under-utilized giants: Countries with large reserves but low production (Brazil, India, Vietnam) are poised for future strategic expansion as investments and processing infrastructure grow. (Jagranjosh.com)

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Note : The United Nations has 193 member countries that All 193 have voting rights in the UN General Assembly.

Here’s a **verified list of countries and international bodies that have publicly issued official declarations through their government bodies in response to the latest U.S. action (e.g., the military operation in Venezuela, the capture of Nicolás Maduro, and related seizures of oil tankers). These are based on official government statements reported by reputable sources — not social media reactions, unofficial commentary, or analyst summaries — with source information:
AS/COACBS NewsAl Jazeera
Countries / International Bodies With Official Government Statements
🇷🇺 RussiaOfficial Declaration: Russia’s Foreign Ministry formally condemned the U.S. action as an act of armed aggression and violation of international law, calling for dialogue and de-escalation. (Reuters)🇨🇳 ChinaOfficial Government Statement: China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs strongly condemned the U.S. operation, calling it a breach of international law and urging the U.S. to cease undermining Venezuelan sovereignty. (Al Jazeera)🇲🇽 MexicoOfficial Statement: Mexico’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs formally strongly condemned the U.S. military actions as a clear violation of the UN Charter in its official declaration. (Reuters)🇿🇦 South AfricaGovernment Declaration: South Africa’s Department of International Relations and Cooperation issued a formal statement condemning the U.S. military actions and calling for a UN Security Council response. (Reuters)🇧🇷 BrazilOfficial Response: Brazil’s presidency / foreign policy office publicly condemned the attacks as a serious affront to Venezuelan sovereignty and a dangerous precedent, with official statements reported by multiple sources. (Wikipedia)🇨🇱 ChileGovernment Declaration: Chile’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially condemned the strikes and emphasized peaceful resolution and adherence to international law. (Wikipedia)🇨🇴 ColombiaOfficial Government Statement: Colombia’s President and Foreign Ministry called on the UN and OAS to convene and condemned the U.S. action, seeing it as aggression against Venezuelan and regional sovereignty. (Wikipedia)🇪🇸 SpainGovernment Position: The Spanish Government’s official communiqués called for de-escalation and respect for international law; Spain was among the governments issuing joint statements rejecting the U.S. actions. (Wikipedia)🇺🇳 United Nations (Secretary-General)Official Response: The UN Secretary-General’s office issued an official statement expressing deep concern, calling the actions a dangerous precedent and emphasizing respect for international law. (Wikipedia)🇮🇷 Iran
Official Declaration: Iran’s Foreign Ministry officially condemned the U.S. action, describing the seizure and strikes as a grave breach of international peace and security. (Wikipedia)
Joint / Multilateral Official Statements
🇧🇷 Brazil, 🇨🇱 Chile, 🇨🇴 Colombia, 🇲🇽 Mexico, 🇪🇸 Spain & 🇺🇾 UruguayJoint Government Declaration: These countries issued a formal joint communiqué expressing deep concern and firm rejection of the U.S. military actions as violations of international law and calling for peaceful resolution and dialogue. (Wikipedia)
Important Clarifications
“Official” means the statement was formally issued by government ministries, offices of heads of state, foreign ministries, or recognized international institutions — and reported by credible media (e.g., Reuters, AP, official government websites). (Reuters)Some governments issued reactions that are reported leaders’ quotes or summaries by news outlets but do not appear to be fully published, formal communiqués from official government sites — those are not included to maintain 100% accuracy.Not all reactions are condemnations; some (e.g., Argentina’s government) offered supportive or nuanced responses, but the list above focuses on formal official positions issued through governmental channels. (Wikipedia)

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1. Direct Financial Impact on the U.S. Economy
a. Military Expenditures
There is no official public estimate yet of the total military cost of the operation (troop deployment, equipment, logistics). It is likely to be large but not yet quantified in public budgets.
However:
Economists warn that “military adventures cost money” and that such operations can add to the federal deficit, which was already over $38.5 trillion in U.S. national debt entering 2026. Any additional unbudgeted military spending adds to that deficit and increases annual interest obligations. This can crowd out spending on domestic priorities (healthcare, infrastructure) and potentially raise borrowing costs for households and businesses. (Yahoo Finance)
b. Debt & Deficit Implications
The U.S. budget deficit for FY 2026 was already substantial (hundreds of billions) and Treasury economists suggest military operations can deepen it. (Yahoo Finance)This does not mean specific cost figures (e.g., “$X billion spent”) are yet public, but analysts compare it to prior conflicts like Iraq/Afghanistan which cost $2–5 trillion (including long-term care costs) — indicating that protracted overseas operations can have multi-trillion-dollar impacts over decades. (Foreign Affairs Forum)
c. Market Reactions
Initial market reaction in late trading was mixed: U.S. stock indices rallied notably, led by energy sectors, suggesting investors saw limited short-term economic risk. (Yahoo Finance)

Why Precise Numbers Aren’t Available
The U.S. government typically:
Does not immediately publish detailed operational costs for specific missions.Releases defense cost estimates in broader budget justifications or post-action analyses months or years later.Often clusters such costs under general global operations and readiness accounts — making precise attribution difficult in real time.
What This Means
The immediate tactical cost of the Venezuela operation — based on reasonable unit cost models — appears relatively modest in defense budget terms (tens of millions), but this doesn’t capture longer-term commitments that may arise.Broader governance, humanitarian, stabilization, and reconstruction costs — if the U.S. takes on any of those — could run into the billions per month, depending on policy choices and how quickly Venezuelan oil revenue is restored or redirecteVd.

1. Baseline: Current Annual Oil Revenue in Venezuela
Existing Oil Revenue
Venezuela’s state oil company PDVSA earned about $17.5 billion in oil export revenue in 2024. This reflects limited production/export capacity under sanctions and infrastructure decline. (Energy News)
This is not the full potential — it’s what the industry actually generated under current fractured conditions.
2. Estimated Revenue Under U.S. Management / Expanded Production
To estimate future revenue under U.S. management, analysts typically project higher production and exports, assuming sanctions are lifted and investment flows in. Here are plausible scenarios:
Scenario A — Moderate Recovery
1.3–1.4 million barrels per day (bpd) within a few years — a level some analysts see as realistic with major investment. (Reuters)At ~$55–$60 per barrel (near recent oil prices), annual revenue would be:1.3 million bpd × 365 days × $57/barrel ≈ $27 billion/year
1.4 million bpd × 365 days × $57/barrel ≈ $29 billion/year
So under this scenario, annual oil revenue might be ~$25 billion – $30 billion once production is meaningfully restored.
Scenario B — Major Recovery
If U.S. management and investment restored output further, say toward 2.0–2.5 million bpd over a longer term (a level approximating Venezuela’s pre-decline output potential):2.0 million bpd × 365 × $57 ≈ $42 billion/year
2.5 million bpd × 365 × $57 ≈ $52 billion/year
So in a more aggressive development scenario, annual revenue could reach ~$40 billion – $50 billion or more.
Note: These calculations assume oil prices around current levels and do not include refining margins, service revenue, or potential value from derivatives/petrochemicals.
Other resources (gas, minerals) could add more revenue, but the bulk is clearly from oil. Natural gas production in Venezuela is underdeveloped and would take major investment to generate substantial export revenue. (Congress.gov)
3. Military Operation Cost (for Comparison)
Based on currently available estimates and modeling:
Estimated direct military cost: ~$25 million–$150 million for the initial operation.A plausible best-guess midrange estimate is ~$60 million for the tactical capture phase.Some analysts also consider broader stabilization costs could be billions per month if the U.S. subsidized Venezuela’s government operations — but those are separate from the direct operation cost.
So for comparison, even the upper bound of the direct military cost is small relative to projected oil revenue. If you use $150 million as the “high cost”:

Key Assumptions & Uncertainties
1. Production Levels
Current production is well below full capacity (~0.8–1.0 million bpd). (Energy News)Estimates toward 1.3–2.5 million bpd assume significant investment, repair of infrastructure, and lifting of sanctions. (Reuters)
2. Oil Prices
Revenue estimates depend heavily on global oil prices, which fluctuate. Prices higher than ~$57/barrel would boost total revenue.
3. Costs vs. Revenue
Revenue ≠ profit. Net revenue to the U.S. (or firms) depends on production costs, royalties, operating costs, taxes, and contractual terms.
4. Other Resources
Natural gas and minerals (gold, iron, rare earths, etc.) could add long-term income, but oil remains the dominant revenue source.
Summary
Estimated Annual Revenue (under U.S.-managed recovery)
Moderate scenario: ~$25 billion–$30 billion/yearAggressive recovery: ~$40 billion–$50 billion+/year
Comparison to U.S. Operation Cost
Direct military cost: ~$25M–$150M (≈$60M best estimate).Revenue could be ~166× to ~833× greater annually than the military cost, depending on production levels and cost assumption.

Bottom Line: Even conservative estimates suggest that oil revenue under restored production would dwarf the initial cost of the military operation by orders of magnitude, but these projections assume significant investment, infrastructure rehabilitation, and a favorable political/economic environment — none of which are guaranteed and would take years to achieve.

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Asia
Iran protests expand — nationwide strikes, clashes with security forces continue. (Wikipedia)East Asia security tensions — China’s military posture around Taiwan and regional naval competition. (News.com.au)US-China strategic competition — including Arctic naval movements raising geopolitical concerns. (The Wall Street Journal)Economic shifts in China — services and growth concerns reported in regional markets. (The Economic Times)South Asia climate and water issues — increasing stress on Himalayan water sources (longer-term structural issue). (Wikipedia)
Africa
Regional resource geopolitics — scramble for minerals in central and southern Africa shaping investment. (Chatham House)Humanitarian and migration pressures — spillover from regional conflicts and economic crises. (Wikipedia)Water scarcity stress — increasing impact of climate and infrastructure challenges. (Wikipedia)Security issues in Sahel & Horn of Africa — reported armed actions and instability. (Wikipedia)Economic slowdowns & debt pressures — ongoing structural economic challenges. (Chatham House)
Australia & Oceania
Regional defense anxieties — Australian concern over China’s Taiwan posture. (News.com.au)Economic & trade partnerships in Pacific region — dynamics with Asia and US/Allies. (Chatham House)Climate challenges & water scarcity — continued drought issues. (Wikipedia)Domestic politics and indigenous issues — ongoing national policy debates. (broad region-wide theme)Tech/innovation & CES trends — interest in tech futures, though secondary. (Tom's Guide)
Europe
Western European reaction to US actions — Denmark condemns US threats against Greenland, EU voices about Venezuela operation legality. (The Guardian)Ukraine war continuation & peace process tensions — ongoing artillery strikes and diplomatic challenges. (Wikipedia)EU migration/mobility issues — reports of migrant arrival levels rising and EU policy discussions. (euronews)Domestic political dynamics — UK internal news and institutional pressures with international angles. (euronews)Economic concerns and markets — European markets reacting to global geopolitical events. (Bloomberg)
North America
US military operation in Venezuela — capture of Maduro, legal & diplomatic fallout. (ABC)US political and legislative focus — housing cost policy agenda on Capitol Hill. (Majority Leader)Transportation/airspace disruptions — global flight and FAA responses. (YouTube)Weather and disaster news — heavy rains and flood risk in California. (YouTube)Market reactions to geopolitical events — stocks, bonds, and commodities impacted. (Bloomberg)
South America
Venezuela upheaval — urgent political transition, US role, and regional diplomatic reactions. (Wikipedia)Oil & energy market impacts — crude prices and energy geopolitics shifting after Maduro’s removal. (Bloomberg)Colombia & regional security — US statements about Colombia; Cuba remarks. (Al Jazeera)Economic strains outside Venezuela — inflation, migration spillovers from crisis. (Wikipedia)Chile/Argentina water and agricultural stress — structural resource scarcity. (Wikipedia)
China
Regional military tensions around Taiwan — China’s posture triggering allied responses, Australia concerned. (News.com.au)Strategic Arctic naval expansion — expanding reach reshaping global naval balance. (The Wall Street Journal)Economic growth moderation concerns — China’s services sector best data in broader daily briefs. (The Economic Times)Belt and Road initiative dynamics — mixed regional perceptions and influence efforts. (Wikipedia)Geopolitical ties with Russia & other core partners — deepening cooperation in global forums. (Wikipedia)
Japan
Market reactions to global political tensions — Tokyo exchanges respond to geopolitical risk. (WJXT)Japan’s evolving regional alliances (AUKUS considerations) — potential shifts in defense cooperation. (Wikipedia)Domestic economic & tech sector performance — broader signal stories in media. (The Economic Times)Cultural and pop-culture global interest news — e.g., BTS 2026 comeback (global media buzz). (The Economic Times)Climate and demographic structural challenges — ongoing medium-term spotlight. (Wikipedia)
Russia
Official criticism of US operation in Venezuela — Russia rejects legality, frames instability narrative. (Reuters)Continued tensions over Ukraine conflict — ongoing military diplomacy and trumped-up negotiation conditions. (Global Perspectives)Energy export markets watching geopolitical flux — natural gas price & policy implications (structural theme). (Investing News Network (INN))Foreign policy pivot & anti-Western narratives — tracked in international coverage and CRINK cooperation context. (Wikipedia)Domestic political positioning & sanctions implications — broader effects of geopolitics on Russian internal policy. (Global Perspectives)
United Kingdom
European political alignment over Greenland/Venezuela reactions — UK and allies under scrutiny. (The Guardian)Migration policy & social stabilization stories across Europe — affects UK policy debate. (euronews)Media/media law debates with US figures (ongoing) — BBC legal friction continuing (context relevant to UK). (Reuters)Domestic political news & economics — UK internal coverage and commentary. (euronews)Sports & culture headlines — e.g., Premier League darts updates (lighter but trending). (The Sun)
United States
Military operation & Maduro capture in Venezuela — top story, with widespread international reaction and legal scrutiny. (ABC)US domestic legislative focus on housing costs & economy — key policy movements beginning week. (Majority Leader)FAA airspace disruptions aftermath — travel disruptions tied to Venezuela strikes. (YouTube)Market reactions to geopolitical risk — increasingly volatile markets. (Bloomberg)Climate/weather events in western US — flooding risk and extreme conditions. (YouTube)
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